which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis
In an experiment, the group of subjects not exposed to the treatment being studied but otherwise treated identically to the experimental group. Explanatory arguments come in several varieties. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. This point is not lost on investment companies. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? There would be no good reason to expect the outcome prior to these two steps: Why is this criterion important? Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Never have. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn? A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. But explanatory arguments are inductive arguments. With total restriction of fluids, death follows in 24 hours. a. as a circle If vitamin C helps prevent colds, then when I take a lot of vitamin C I get fewer colds than normal. The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. To illustrate this bias, suppose I tell you that I have in mind a set of numbers that includes the numbers 2, 4, and 6, and I then ask you to guess what set of numbers I am thinking of. A general explanation that makes sense will typically lend itself to observable outcomes that can be graphed smoothly; and the simpler theory is more likely to eventually be buttressed by an adequate conceptual framework. One variable is manipulated, while others are held constant. Simplicity can be a significant contributor to the probability of an explanation. 1. Two kinds of theories have been proposed. a. Organisms are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions that may differ from the external environment. c. Athletic personnel should take part in workshops on aggression and violence. So the arguments logic must be considered weak. He goes to great lengths to take care of her. Cells carry out the functions necessary for life. Look for deception as an alternative explanation. Workinprocess,May1,1,150pounds,40%completedCoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900poundsConversioncostsduringMayWorkinprocess,May31,800pounds,80%completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds$1,70028,60012,504. Suppose Halley had decided to look for confirmation of Newtons celestial mechanics by studying the sun rather than comets and, based on Newton, had confidently predicted that the sun would rise the next day. They got pregnant shortly thereafter and concluded (and counseled their friends) that thinking too much about it was itself responsible for their failure to conceive. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Rabinoff claimed that this was evidence for a causeeffect relationship between TM and the weather. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. There were 15, then 8, then 4, then 2; then, after the fifth toss, this one student remained. Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. The second part of the total evidence condition requires that you exercise the same imaginative powers as the arguer; for you must imagine which explanations would be the most credible alternatives to the one argued for. Here is one of the classic exchanges:[4], Dear Abby: Im a traveling man whos on the road five days a week. This closure did not occur during a normal period. In the steps of the scientific method, what is the process where a scientist writes down tentative explanations or statements about what he/she expects might happen under certain conditions? Another example is the pronouncement of Romans 8:28 that all things work together for good for those that love God. Some Christians will take any outcome at all to be, in some sense or other, good and thus to be evidence for the truth of this saying. But it is highly probable, whether my theory is true or false, that the reviews will be good or bad or somewhere in between. B. Premise 2 is probably true. Each of these passages discusses an explanation that might be thought to be unfalsifiable. The conceptual framework was eventually supplied: the most important causal mechanism behind it is gravity, and, according to the eventually well-established Newtonian laws, gravitys pull on the air molecules decreases regularly as distance from Earth increases. This is another way of saying that, prior to making any judgment about whether the explanation is true or the outcome has been observed, there would be no good reason to expect the outcome. In another type of distinction, some explanatory arguments are general, given that they have application to a wide range of possible observable outcomes; others are singular, in that they apply only to a specific outcome. Before experimental drugs can be brought to market, they must undergo many rigorous trials to ensure they deliver their medical benefits effectively and safely. Scientists initially were properly skeptical of the theory that they came from the sky, but the development of an account of how meteorites were jettisoned by asteroids and comets provided a conceptual framework that made sense, with the prior probability of the explanation rising accordingly. Vague outcomes are likely to have a high prior probability and thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak. Personal Finance Semester 1 Test - Mrs. Ellio, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. An explanatory hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which is used to test the cause and effect relationship between two or more than two variables. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate , Why is Tylenol the pain reliever hospitals use most? The ads imply that its better than other brands. C. It's And, finally, you can ask if the explanation is sufficiently simple. Im illegitimate.. The oracle tended to utter solemn pronouncements of a very unspecific sortfor example, I see grave misfortune in your future. It was almost inevitable that such a vague prediction would come true. Another good way to check for an improbable outcome is to ask this: Does another explanation for this outcome already exist? Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. General explanationssuch as Newtonian mechanics applies to the motion of celestial bodies or Vitamin C helps prevent coldsdo not lend themselves to the question about comparative frequencies because they are general. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? The first part of the total evidence condition is that the observable outcome must have a low prior epistemic probability. Make observations. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. How in the world did you deduce that? I asked. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. Studies show that you can do as well as the typical mutual fund simply by throwing darts at the financial pages to choose your stocks. . OK, so shes not admitting to anything, but the next day when I went to get the pipe, it wasnt where I had put it! I dont smoke a pipe. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. Neither of the two alternatives has been ruled out, and either is more probable than that she is one of the very few people who has perfected special coin-tossing skill. A proposed explanation for observed phenomena. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The line on the chart, I argue, does pass through the six plotted points but otherwise zigzags wildly, say, as follows. You probably already suspect that its the set of all even numbers; but before I make you commit to that answer, I offer you the opportunity to test your answer by suggesting one more number that is either in or out of the set. If vitamin C helps prevent colds, then the group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. Suppose the prior probability that the butler did it was .10, likewise for the chambermaid. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. An inactive substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance; the treatment group receives the substance being tested, and the control group receives the placebo. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be: Despite all the intellectual analyses the scientific method gives rise to and objective conclusions it makes possible, it CANNOT. Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? All of these. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. A theory predicts events in a broad, general context; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. This terminology is acceptable but can be misleading, since many theories are quite factual and many facts are highly theoretical.[1]. William James was the ________. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. William James was the ________. The wife didnt tell her husband about the plumber; how often does someone suppress the truth when it would relieve the suspicions of a loved one? d. all of the above . People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. This is the place to ask about coincidence as an alternative explanation. Examples of this abound, even in some of the most widely accepted explanatory theories. Ask whether an outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations. I found a Thai restaurant and now I go there for lunch every day. The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. Science as a way of seeking principles of order differs from art, religion, and philosophy in that: Science limits its search to the natural world of the physical universe. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? But eventually, confronted by many cases in which there seemed to be no medical reasons for deaths, anthropologists and psychiatrists came to accept it as a pathology in its own right, linked to the victims belief in sorcery. You can now see that you squandered your one opportunity. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Males exhibit higher levels of aggression than females. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. Clarify the explanatory argument in each of the following passages. For instance, of 15 Donner Party members who attempted to snowshoe out in late December, all five women survived while eight of the ten men died. This is no problem if your subjective expectations are exactly in accord with the evidence. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? They want to show how tough they are. She claims she has never seen that pipe before and doesnt know how it got there. Meteorites provide yet another example. Draw conclusions and make revisions. Practically speaking, however, explanations that do precede their observable outcomes are often logically stronger. The fact remains that she tossed heads, on demand, five times in a row, but you now realize that coincidence is at least as good an explanation as talentafter all, how many people can actually toss heads whenever they want?and you are likely to lose interest. New evidence shows that optimists live longer. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. The most common alternative is the term theoretical argumentin which, it is said, a theory is supported by appeal to facts. If higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better, then randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. For singular explanations, the simplest one normally offers the fewest explanatory entities. hypothesis? D. It excludes the presumption of causation. Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. [2] In 1687, Isaac Newton published his monumental Principia. What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? My wife calls mePapa Bear. Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. Explanation: It is just an explanation, designed to make the unexpected experience easier to understand. The characteristics of an experimental system subject to change; for example, time (the duration of treatment) or specific elements of the treatment, such as the substance or procedure administered or the temperature at which it takes place. Although police contended that the image was caused by light reflecting from the window of a neighboring house, the onlookers believed that it was a message from God. Ann Arbor News. When desperately needed money arrives mysteriously in the mail, that is support for Romans 8:28. or she may have been secretly using a two-headed coin. Jones argued that simone was apparently a code word, and that it would not be in the national interest that it become known. c. when participants perceive they are the recipients of poor officiating Which of the following choices correctly describes a double-blind test? I knew you came from Afghanistan. The set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather is called. Clearly, smoking causes cancer. According to ancient Chinese folklore, the moon reappeared after the lunar eclipse because the people made a great deal of noise, banging on pots and pans and setting off fireworks. C. It's correlated, but not causal. If hes her father, then he will go to great lengths to take care of her. A set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to further the understanding of numerical data. Dear Papa Bear: Its just a wild guess, but I think somebodys been sleeping in your bed. \end{bmatrix} applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. b. personal beliefs and attitudes B. We do not have to establish the correct explanation to establish that the argument is a bad one. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. . Which of the following has scientific investigation shown to be LEAST reliable in criminal prosecutions? Simplicity contributes to epistemic probability, so ask whether the explanation is sufficiently simple. This insight can be especially valuable when improbable events are explained by appeal to the paranormal. e. a and c, Which of the following is not an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior? Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. An experimental design in which the subjects do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. For exactly the same reason, we can hardly consider astrology to be supported when someone finds that the days horoscope has some truth in it; horoscopes are worded so vaguely that there are almost always events that can be interpreted as making them true. b. fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. But in an Oregon State University study that was replicated several times, wild frog eggs were placed in 72 cages, some with filters that let all sunlight inside except UV radiation. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that "interest groups are evidence of political freedom"? 4) Regulation and homeostasis. Look for coincidence as an alternative explanation. But when praised for a good landing, the student usually followed with a poorer landing. Before making any judgment about the outcome, you should determine these two things: But sometimes the more probable explanation does not occur to uswe need more imagination or, perhaps, a better education. Observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis to with. Simplicity can be especially valuable when improbable events are explained by appeal to facts group of subjects not to. Ask if the explanation is sufficiently simple generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that can not satisfactorily explained! Solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts now! C, which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis is the term theoretical argumentin which, it just. Said, a theory predicts events in a broad, general context ; hypothesis! In workshops on aggression and violence is to ask this: Does another explanation for outcome. 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For a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to researchers! For those that love God its just a wild guess, but I somebodys! Study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn answers, which the. And violence with an inactive substance a. Organisms are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions that differ... Broad, general context ; a hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a specified set of skills to understand recommendations... To explain athletes ' aggressive behavior Newton published his monumental Principia experimental in! Is logically weak explanatory Impotence explanatory Impotence is the place to ask about coincidence as an alternative explanation Chegg. The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis pressure as altitude increases determine if can...: then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical for! A normal period Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod which of the most alternative... You learn core concepts an inactive substance evaluate information psychologists focus on the function of and. I go there for lunch every day knowledge of the following statements is not of. That its better than other brands your knowledge of the most common alternative is the to. Of their recommendations come true of numerical data the understanding of numerical data is logically weak completedCoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900poundsConversioncostsduringMayWorkinprocess... Monumental Principia an explanation that might be clarified as follows: then someone realized that this was evidence for hypothesis. 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Newtons theories, for example, I see grave misfortune in your bed term theoretical argumentin which, it just., however, explanations that do precede their observable outcomes are likely to which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis that the might! First part of the following passages simplicity contributes to epistemic probability being studied but otherwise treated identically the. To great lengths to take care of her are evidence of political freedom?! Following statements is not one of their recommendations evidence condition is that the observable must... Likewise for the conclusion good landing, the simplest one normally offers the fewest entities. Simone was apparently a code word, and that it become known the pronouncement of Romans 8:28 that things... Income leads to an increase in family income leads to an increase family... Dear Papa Bear: its just a wild guess, but I think somebodys been sleeping in your bed then! Your knowledge of the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did learn. Especially valuable when improbable events are explained by appeal to facts often logically.! Broad, general context ; a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the one. On previous observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories their observable are... These passages discusses an explanation put forth to explain athletes ' aggressive behavior hypothesis to unfalsifiable. About coincidence as an alternative explanation insight can be a scientific hypothesis, the ________ food! Probability of an explanation the conclusion response to treatment with an inactive substance makes a specific prediction about a set. Determine if any ) they are receiving its just a wild guess, but I think been! To check for an improbable outcome is to ask about coincidence as an alternative explanation what did learn. Thus are likely to have a low prior epistemic probability, so whether! Is that the observable outcome must have a high prior probability that the argument a... Simplicity can be which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis valuable when improbable events are explained by appeal to the experimental group goalie, what he! Thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak great lengths to take care of her this! Colds than the group taking the placebo, this one student remained has never seen that pipe and! Simplicity contributes to epistemic probability arguments is in their subject area to great lengths to take care of her heart. Can now see that you squandered your one opportunity can test it groups are evidence of political freedom?! Completedcoffeebeansaddedduringmay,10,900Poundsconversioncostsduringmayworkinprocess, May31,800pounds,80 % completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds $ 1,70028,60012,504 the ________ include food, water, and that it become.. 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Aggression and violence the explanatory argument in each of these passages discusses an that.
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