weird laws in egypt
Theodorides states that the application of law was coherent despite peculiar features of procedure.50 Certain fundamental elements of ancient Egyptian law appear to be, among others, the great importance of justice as well as the value that was attached to tradition - both important to maintain the bigger order of things. An attempt is made to indicate that the ancient Egyptians indeed had law and to explain what the ancient Egyptians understood by law, followed by a discussion of the development of ancient Egyptian law and key jurisprudence elements of ancient Egyptian law. 72 Ibid. Women owned and bequeathed property, filed lawsuits, and bore witness in court proceedings without the authority of their father or husband. The king's primary duty was to uphold the order of creation which had been established on the primeval mound at the time of creation and kingship in Egypt therefore represented the effective power of maat17As the son of the Sun-god he was entrusted with the task of upholding maat.18The pharaoh's duty was to defend maat in order to maintain and restore order, which he did by issuing appropriate laws.19 Law was therefore tied up with a religious world view and represented the rules regulating the behaviour of members of society. When the Persians conquered Egypt, the fundamentally Egyptian institutions, based on the individual, were revived.47 Tradition attributes a new codification of the existing laws to Darius. Some of the most important Middle Kingdom archives and documents in terms of their legal content are the Lahun archives, the Hekanakhte letters (for leasing and land holdings) and the Djefa-Hapi contracts (mortuary provisions).54 Tomb biographies, like those of Beni Hasan (Twelfth Dynasty), also occasionally have statements referring to legal matters and administration.55 Texts initially written on papyrus were often inscribed on temple or chapel walls, obviously to provide security to the legal document. Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt, with a population of about 4.9 million people. Even with masculine primogeniture, the other children and the surviving spouse usually received a share of the estate. to the army but not at the same time, so that there is always one I succoured the widow who has no husband; I established the son and heir on the seat of his father. 68 See Pollard 1995: 435. The law of the ancient Near East demonstrates a remarkable continuity in fundamental juridical concepts. Grotius further states that the term "right" is used in both a wide and a narrow sense. WebGun laws in Egypt are very strict. These systems shared a way of looking at the law that reflect the world view of the cultures from which they evolved.103 The law probably changed and developed over a long period of time, although one should not assume that this was necessarily the case. If you have some urgent urge to clean your neighbors car, kindly restrict yourself from doing so in Los Angeles, it is illegal.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'twinavocados_com-leader-1','ezslot_4',604,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-twinavocados_com-leader-1-0'); Remember when siblings use to marry each other to keep their bloodline running? Brown, Constitutions in a Nonconstitutional World: Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron and Baudouin Dupret, eds., Egypt and Its Laws (The Hague: Tamir Moustafa, The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt (Cambridge: Tamir Moustafa, "Law and Resistance in Authoritarian States: Bruce K. Rutherford, Egypt after Mubarak: Request for Retrieval of Egypt Citizenship, http://egyptjustice.com/egypt-law-an-overview/, You will need to prepare 2 recent personal photos on white background , sized 2x 2. Men who do not register will be subject to imprisonment or fines if convicted by a court-martial after a trial period has elapsed without them registering themselves with their local draft board office (mukhabarat). Citizens who use, manufacture or import drones without the appropriate authorisation will be punished by prison terms ranging from one to 7 years and/or fines ranging from EGP 5,000 to EGP 50,000. The ancient Egyptians' belief in the concept of maat led to the development of law in ancient Egypt. In some cases, derogatory comments on social media have led to custodial sentences. The vizier was the king's delegate and the High-priest of maat as well as head of the courts of justice.29, Sometimes the king had to delegate his authority and it is believed that the legal official then wore a golden maat pendant.30 The goddess Maat was important to judges and their sense of duty; they were regarded as "priests of Maat", wearing a small figure of the goddess as a pendant around their necks, thus symbolising their judicial office.31 Surviving statues of high officials from the Late Period are shown wearing such pendants on a chain, and cases which these high officials examined would be reported to the king who would then be responsible for punishment in more serious cases.32. 96 1909: 242. Possession, use or trafficking in illegal drugs is a serious offence and can, even for small amounts, lead to lengthy prison sentences (25 years), life imprisonment or the death penalty. According to Manning the so-called Codex Hermopolis is a collection of texts, or rather a manual, which provides guidance for legal solutions in unusual or difficult cases.62 The guidelines contained in this document were used by the priest-judges to resolve disputes and served as a guide to the writing of certain legal instruments. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). We know that the king`s viziers often acted as judges, and theoretically anyone with a legal problem could bring a case before a vizier, although it was sometimes difficult to arrange such an audience with busy and important officials. Taking everything thus far said into account, it is my opinion that two very basic and fundamental elements of ancient Egyptian law may be identified and will now be discussed in the following subsections. Mansions probably refers to the main course in Thebes, although we thought there were other great dishes in Egypt. Twin avocados have super ballistic content to bring perfect sass into your everyday read. 7 David 2002: 288. Law was therefore essentially based on a concept of justice which was antonymous to falsehood and injustice.94 The courts were governed by the principles of maat and the vizier in control of the law courts had the title of "priest of Maat" .95. The law stood above all humans and was personified by the goddess Maat, with the concept of maat representing truth, justice, righteousness, the correct order and balance of the universe.7 Egyptian law was essentially based on the concept of maat, which was about morality, ethics and the entire order of society.8 The goal of maat was to keep the chaotic forces at bay, with the idea of order as the Grundlage of the world, upon which the legal system was based in turn.9 The ancient Egyptians saw no difference between human and divine justice.10Maat represented a sense of moral responsibility. Professional photography or film equipment of any kind will require a permit. Or uhm, wrong? In Iowa, its illegal for a man with a mustache to kiss a woman in public. In Denmark if your vehicle stalls and you leave it on the side of the road, you must mark the vehicle with a red, reflecting triangle. As a result, Egypt's legal system today contains legal and institutional features of several past systems and laws, some of which were retained, some adapted, and some merged over the course of time to fit Egypt's needs. It is not clear how the ancient Egyptians defined their various legal categories, but apparently they proceeded as though these were similarly defined to those in modern times. Tutankhamun: A popular one! 43 Ibid. Can I Travel to Egypt with a Criminal Record? In this country, it is perceived that it is human nature for a man to want to escape from a place, even from jail. For this reason, it is essential for visitors to have a valid Egypt tourist visa. 33 Bedell 1985: 12. Good one UK. The working class also had some legal rights; even slaves were allowed to own property under certain circumstances. In parts of India, a man whos in debt can offer up his wife until the debt is paid. From a legal standpoint, this text-based view of what constitutes law was clearly evident during the period of undeclared martial law immediately after the January 2011 revolution, a period during which the lawincluding the constitutionwas essentially whatever the military said it was. The purpose of law was to maintain maat on earth, and in order to achieve maat, it was necessary to have mechanisms in place. 10 Best Books By Fyodor Dostoevsky You Must Read. Publicising strongly negative opinions about Egypt or making political comments, including about the President or security forces, can cause trouble with the authorities. The overarching first impression of Egyptian civilisation is that of a coherent entity that spans almost forty centuries of unchanging stability and that the ancient Egyptians were conservative and tradition-bound.100 It might be that the internal geographical unity of the country contributed to the apparent lack of change and that nature supplied a secure world with fixed harmonic routines. 46 Theodorides 1971: 292. Furthermore, papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 (Thirteenth Dynasty) refers inter alia to "the law pertaining to those who desert" and to "the law pertaining to one who flees the prison".53. However, if they provide valid reasons why they cannot servesuch as health reasons or financial obligationsthey are exempt from serving in the army. Visitors are advised to carry their passport or another form of ID at all times, as failure to do so may result in their detention if asked by police. 2019 Patras Apartments. Nevertheless, the most important matters were probably reported to the king, who would then decide on the case and the appropriate justice. The most serious of cat-based laws being the strict ban on exporting cats from Egypt and the mandatory death sentence imposed on those who were found guilty of killing a cat. 107 This is in contrast to the classical system of the Hellenistic or Roman periods where there was an explosion of citations. The FCDO has published guidance for those affected by international parental child abduction, including options to consider and contact information for organisations which may be able to help. Several types of admissible evidence, like oaths or entries in official registers, are known from other contemporary texts and the papyrus therefore provides valuable overviews of law in Egypt during the early Hellenistic period. In ancient Egypt, crimes are acts against other persons or the state. The individual parties were allowed to determine restrictions and guarantees in their transaction concerning possible defects in the property or service as well as defects in the law. 81 Idem 268-269. It is illegal to brush your teeth more than twice per day. Make 2 copies of the information pages of your US passport. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He sat in judgment on court cases and appointed magistrates as part of his legal duties. Well, well, well, are we still thinking that women can not have sex by their own choice? Egyptian law, the law that originated with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Menes (c. 2925 bc) and grew and developed until the Roman occupation of Egypt (30 bc). 7. The flying of a rainbow flag at a concert in September 2017 led to the arrest of at least 66 individuals on debauchery charges. Brown, The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Nathan J. Homosexuality is *technically* not illegal in Egypt, but many members of the LGBTQ community have been interrogated and arrested under the debauchery laws. If you were to ask most Egyptian judges, they would say that Egypt's legal system today is patterned after that of France, which is rooted in the Continental European civil law tradition (using the word "civil" in the sense of distinguishing that type of legal system from Anglo-American common law legal systems). In fact, we learn from a Greek writer that there were probably eight books at the end of the period that set out the legal code. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Be cautious about sharing content or having discussions of a sexual nature on social media, especially about sexual acts that are considered illegal. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 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